Substance name | CAS | Application | Regulation | Health Effect |
4,4’‐bis(dimethylamino) benzophenone | 90-94-8 | Printing ink for paper and board [1] | Not regulated in the EU, not registered with OECD | No studies on health effects available |
4,4’‐bis(diethylamino)‐benzophenone (DEAB) | 90-93-7 | Printing ink for paper and board [1] | Not regulated in the EU, not registered with OECD, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B | No studies on health effects available |
Dibutyl phthalate | 84-74-2 | Plasticizer in ink for PE [2] | Authorized as an additive in the EU SML = 0.3mg/kg-d, registered with OECD | Reproductive toxicant (embryotoxicity and impaired fertility (see assessment), undifferentiated gonads in frogs [3], reproductive tract malformations in rats and rabbits [4]) |
Dicyclohexyl phthalate | 84-61-7 | Plasticizer in ink for PE [2] | Not regulated in the EU, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B) | Endocrine disruptor, centribular cell hypertrophy in rat [5] |
Triphenylphosphate | 115-86-6 | Printing ink for paper and board [6] | Not regulated in the EU, registered with OECD, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B | Low acute toxicity (see OECD report) |
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) | 117-81-7 | Plasticizer in ink for PE [2] | EPA LOAEL 19mg/kg-d, SML =1.5mg/kg-d, group 00032 SML =60mg/kg-d, only to be used in repeated use articles in contact with non-fatty food and concentrations below 0.1%, OECD registered | Light skin and eye irritation, hepatoxin, kidney toxin, testicular toxicity (see OECD report), testicular toxicity [7], male reproductive tract malformations in rats and rabbits [4], reduced fertility (EFSA Opinion) |
4-methyl-benzophenone | 134-84-9 | Printing ink for paper and board [6] | Not authorized by EU or FDA, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B | No studies on health effects available |
Benzophenone | 119-61-9 | Photosensitizer in printing inks [8, 9] | Approved as a food additive (9.1) (legislation: (EU) No 10/2011 (SML = 0.6 mg/kg), registered with OECD, FDA approved as food additive, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B | Classified as a 2B carcinogen by IARC (Monograph), Hepatoxin in two generations study in rats, estrogenic potency (see EFSA report), estrogenic and androgenic activity in hormone responsive reporter assay [10] |
Methyl 2-benzoylbenzoate | 606-28-0 | Printing ink for paper and board [6] | Not regulated in the EU, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B (currently under reevaluation)) | No studies on health effects available |
1-Hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone | 947-19-3 | Printing ink for paper and board [6] | Not regulated in the EU, registered with OECD, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B | Cytotoxic [11] |
4-Phenylbenzophenone | 2128-93-0 | Printing ink for paper and board [6] | Not regulated in the EU, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B (currently under reevaluation)) | No studies on health effects available |
2-Isopropylthioxanthone (2-ITX) | 5495-84-1 | Photoinitiator in printing inks on drinking cartons [12] | Not regulated in the EU, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B | No studies on health effects available |
Ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate | 10287-53-3 | Printing ink for paper and board [6] | Not regulated in the EU, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B (currently under reevaluation)) | No studies on health effects available |
2-ethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate | 21245-02-3 | Printing ink for paper and board [6] | Not authorized by EU or FDA, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B (currently under reevaluation)) | Antagonist effect in Yeast two hybrid assay EC50 (+S9d)and in MDA-kb2 cell transcriptional-activation assay [13, 14] |
2,2-Dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone | 24650-42-8 | Printing ink for paper and board [6] | Not regulated in the EU, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B) | Binds with rat estrogen receptors [15] |
4-(4-Methylphenylthio)benzophenone | 83846-85-9 | Printing ink for paper and board [6] | Not regulated in the EU, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B) | No studies on health effects available |
References
1. Castle, L., et al., Migration studies from paper and board food packaging materials. Part 2. Survey for residues of dialkylamino benzophenone UV-cure ink photoinitiators. Food Addit Contam, 1997. 14(1):45-52.
2. Castle, L., A. Mayo, and J. Gilbert, Migration of plasticizers from printing inks into foods.Food Additives and Contaminants, 1989. 6(4):437-443.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652038909373802.
3. Ohtani, H., I. Miura, and Y. Ichikawa, Effects of dibutyl phthalate as an environmental endocrine disruptor on gonadal sex differentiation of genetic males of the frog Rana rugosa.Environ Health Perspect, 2000. 108(12):1189-1193.
4. Howdeshell, K.L., et al., Cumulative Effects of Dibutyl Phthalate and Diethylhexyl Phthalate on Male Rat Reproductive Tract Development: Altered Fetal Steroid Hormones and Genes.Toxicological Sciences, 2007. 99(1):190-202.
http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/99/1/190.abstract.
5. Lake, B.G., et al., Studies on the Effects of Orally Administered Dicyclohexyl Phthalate in the Rat. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica, 1982. 51(3): p. 217-226.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1982.tb01017.x.
6. Bradley, E.L., et al., Printing ink compounds in foods: UK survey results. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B, 2012:1-11.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2012.725774.
7. Li, L.-H., et al., A Single Dose of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate in Neonatal Rats Alters Gonocytes, Reduces Sertoli Cell Proliferation, and Decreases Cyclin D2 Expression. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2000. 166(3):222-229.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041008X00989725.
8. Ash, M. and I. Ash, Handbook of Food Packaging Chemicals and Materials (2nd Edition), Synapse Information Resources, Inc.
http://www.knovel.com/web/portal/browse/display?_EXT_KNOVEL_DISPLAY_bookid=2193.
9. Anderson, W.A.C. and L. Castle, Benzophenone in cartonboard packaging materials and the factors that influence its migration into food. Food Additives and Contaminants, 2003. 20(6):607-618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0265203031000109486.
10. Suzuki, T., et al., Estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities of 17 benzophenone derivatives used as UV stabilizers and sunscreens. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2005. 203(1):9-17.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041008X04003539.
11. Yamaji, K., et al., Quantitation and human monocyte cytotoxicity of the polymerization agent 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (irgacure 184) from three brands of aqueous injection solution. Biol Pharm Bull, 2012. 35(10):1821-1825.
12. Rothenbacher, T., M. Baumann, and D. Fügel, 2-Isopropylthioxanthone (2-ITX) in food and food packaging materials on the German market. Food Additives and Contaminants, 2007. 24(4):438-444.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030601182664.
13. Morohoshi, K., et al., Estrogenic activity of 37 components of commercial sunscreen lotions evaluated by in vitro assays. Toxicology in Vitro, 2005. 19(4):457-469.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887233305000111.
14. Ma, R., et al., UV Filters with Antagonistic Action at Androgen Receptors in the MDA-kb2 Cell Transcriptional-Activation Assay. Toxicological Sciences, 2003. 74(1):43-50.
http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/74/1/43.abstract.
15. Laws, S.C., et al., Nature of the Binding Interaction for 50 Structurally Diverse Chemicals with Rat Estrogen Receptors. Toxicological Sciences, 2006. 94(1):46-56.
http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/94/1/46.abstract.