Substance name CAS Application Regulation Health Effect
4,4’‐bis(dimethylamino) benzophenone 90-94-8 Printing ink for paper and board [1] Not regulated in the EU, not registered with OECD No studies on health effects available
4,4’‐bis(diethylamino)‐benzophenone (DEAB) 90-93-7 Printing ink for paper and board [1] Not regulated in the EU, not registered with OECD, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B No studies on health effects available
Dibutyl phthalate 84-74-2 Plasticizer in ink for PE [2] Authorized as an additive in the EU SML = 0.3mg/kg-d, registered with OECD Reproductive toxicant (embryotoxicity and impaired fertility (see assessment), undifferentiated gonads in frogs [3], reproductive tract malformations in rats and rabbits [4])
Dicyclohexyl phthalate 84-61-7 Plasticizer in ink for PE [2] Not regulated in the EU, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B) Endocrine disruptor, centribular cell hypertrophy in rat [5]
Triphenylphosphate 115-86-6 Printing ink for paper and board [6] Not regulated in the EU, registered with OECD, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B Low acute toxicity (see OECD report)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) 117-81-7 Plasticizer in ink for PE [2] EPA LOAEL 19mg/kg-d, SML =1.5mg/kg-d, group 00032 SML =60mg/kg-d, only to be used in repeated use articles in contact with non-fatty food and concentrations below 0.1%, OECD registered Light skin and eye irritation, hepatoxin, kidney toxin, testicular toxicity (see OECD report), testicular toxicity [7], male reproductive tract malformations in rats and rabbits [4], reduced fertility (EFSA Opinion)
4-methyl-benzophenone 134-84-9 Printing ink for paper and board [6] Not authorized by EU or FDA, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B No studies on health effects available
Benzophenone 119-61-9 Photosensitizer in printing inks [89] Approved as a food additive (9.1) (legislation: (EU) No 10/2011 (SML = 0.6 mg/kg), registered with OECD,  FDA approved as food additive, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B Classified as a 2B carcinogen by IARC (Monograph), Hepatoxin in two generations study in rats, estrogenic potency (see EFSA report), estrogenic and androgenic activity in hormone responsive reporter assay [10]
Methyl 2-benzoylbenzoate 606-28-0 Printing ink for paper and board [6] Not regulated in the EU, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B (currently under reevaluation)) No studies on health effects available
1-Hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone 947-19-3 Printing ink for paper and board [6] Not regulated in the EU, registered with OECD, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B Cytotoxic [11]
4-Phenylbenzophenone 2128-93-0 Printing ink for paper and board [6] Not regulated in the EU, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B (currently under reevaluation)) No studies on health effects available
2-Isopropylthioxanthone (2-ITX) 5495-84-1 Photoinitiator in printing inks on drinking cartons [12] Not regulated in the EU, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B No studies on health effects available
Ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate 10287-53-3 Printing ink for paper and board [6] Not regulated in the EU, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B (currently under reevaluation)) No studies on health effects available
2-ethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate 21245-02-3 Printing ink for paper and board [6] Not authorized by EU or FDA, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B (currently under reevaluation)) Antagonist effect in Yeast two hybrid assay EC50 (+S9d)and in MDA-kb2 cell transcriptional-activation assay [1314]
2,2-Dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone 24650-42-8 Printing ink for paper and board [6] Not regulated in the EU, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B) Binds with rat estrogen receptors [15]
4-(4-Methylphenylthio)benzophenone 83846-85-9 Printing ink for paper and board [6] Not regulated in the EU, authorized in Switzerland (Swiss ordinance 817.023.21, Section B) No studies on health effects available

References

1.         Castle, L., et al., Migration studies from paper and board food packaging materials. Part 2. Survey for residues of dialkylamino benzophenone UV-cure ink photoinitiators. Food Addit Contam, 1997. 14(1):45-52.

2.         Castle, L., A. Mayo, and J. Gilbert, Migration of plasticizers from printing inks into foods.Food Additives and Contaminants, 1989. 6(4):437-443.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652038909373802.

3.         Ohtani, H., I. Miura, and Y. Ichikawa, Effects of dibutyl phthalate as an environmental endocrine disruptor on gonadal sex differentiation of genetic males of the frog Rana rugosa.Environ Health Perspect, 2000. 108(12):1189-1193.

4.         Howdeshell, K.L., et al., Cumulative Effects of Dibutyl Phthalate and Diethylhexyl Phthalate on Male Rat Reproductive Tract Development: Altered Fetal Steroid Hormones and Genes.Toxicological Sciences, 2007. 99(1):190-202.
http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/99/1/190.abstract.

5.         Lake, B.G., et al., Studies on the Effects of Orally Administered Dicyclohexyl Phthalate in the Rat. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica, 1982. 51(3): p. 217-226.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1982.tb01017.x.

6.         Bradley, E.L., et al., Printing ink compounds in foods: UK survey results. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B, 2012:1-11.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2012.725774.

7.         Li, L.-H., et al., A Single Dose of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate in Neonatal Rats Alters Gonocytes, Reduces Sertoli Cell Proliferation, and Decreases Cyclin D2 Expression. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2000. 166(3):222-229.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041008X00989725.

8.         Ash, M. and I. Ash, Handbook of Food Packaging Chemicals and Materials (2nd Edition), Synapse Information Resources, Inc.
http://www.knovel.com/web/portal/browse/display?_EXT_KNOVEL_DISPLAY_bookid=2193.

9.         Anderson, W.A.C. and L. Castle, Benzophenone in cartonboard packaging materials and the factors that influence its migration into food. Food Additives and Contaminants, 2003. 20(6):607-618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0265203031000109486.

10.       Suzuki, T., et al., Estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities of 17 benzophenone derivatives used as UV stabilizers and sunscreens. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2005. 203(1):9-17.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041008X04003539.

11.       Yamaji, K., et al., Quantitation and human monocyte cytotoxicity of the polymerization agent 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (irgacure 184) from three brands of aqueous injection solution. Biol Pharm Bull, 2012. 35(10):1821-1825.

12.       Rothenbacher, T., M. Baumann, and D. Fügel, 2-Isopropylthioxanthone (2-ITX) in food and food packaging materials on the German market. Food Additives and Contaminants, 2007. 24(4):438-444.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030601182664.

13.       Morohoshi, K., et al., Estrogenic activity of 37 components of commercial sunscreen lotions evaluated by in vitro assays. Toxicology in Vitro, 2005. 19(4):457-469.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887233305000111.

14.       Ma, R., et al., UV Filters with Antagonistic Action at Androgen Receptors in the MDA-kb2 Cell Transcriptional-Activation Assay. Toxicological Sciences, 2003. 74(1):43-50.
http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/74/1/43.abstract.

15.       Laws, S.C., et al., Nature of the Binding Interaction for 50 Structurally Diverse Chemicals with Rat Estrogen Receptors. Toxicological Sciences, 2006. 94(1):46-56.
http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/94/1/46.abstract.

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